Large mode area fiber amplifiers with reduced stimulated brillouin scattering

ABSTRACT

A large mode area fiber amplifier suitable for high power applications includes a core region specifically configured to allow for high power operation while also limiting the amount of SBS that is generated. The composition of the core region is selected to include a dopant (such as aluminum) in selected areas to reduce the acoustic refractive index of the core and limit the spatial overlap between the acoustic and optical fields. The acoustic refractive index is also structured so that the acoustic field is refracted away from the central core area. In one embodiment, the core may comprise a depressed index center portion and surrounding ring core area, with the center portion including the aluminum doping and the ring formed to have a diameter less that the phonon decay length for the operating wavelength(s).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.11/982,594, filed Nov. 1, 2007 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,627,219

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to large mode area (LMA) optical fibersutilized in fiber amplifiers and, more particularly, to LMA opticalfibers including selected regions with a structured acoustic refractiveindex profile within the optical core section that is designed toexclude/refract acoustic energy away from regions occupied by theoptical mode, thereby reducing stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Laser systems including fiber amplifiers are commonly used in manyapplications, including telecommunications applications and high-powermilitary and industrial fiber optic applications. In operation, thepropagating optical signal from a laser source is introduced in the coreregion of a section of optical fiber and is amplified through the use ofan optical “pump” signal. The pump is of a predetermined wavelength thatwill interact with particular dopants included in the core region of thefiber amplifier (typically rare earth materials, such as erbium,ytterbium, or the like) to amplify the propagating optical signal.

High power fiber amplifiers are often limited in power, however, as aresult of the unwanted creation of stimulated Brillouin scattering(SBS). That is, the strong optical signal is scattered in the backwarddirection by thermally-generated acoustic waves (i.e., thermal Brillouinscattering) in the core of the optical fiber. This backscattered lightis down-shifted in optical frequency (Stokes scattering) from theincident light by the Brillouin shift frequency Ω_(B) (rad/sec) which isdetermined by the optical wavelength, the core refractive index and thesound speed in the core. The Stokes-shifted, backward-propagating lightcombines with the original forward-propagating signal light to create atraveling periodic intensity pattern in the fiber core. This intensitypattern causes a traveling periodic modulation of the fiber density dueto the electrostrictive effect, which is the tendency of a material tocompress in the presence of strong optical intensity and, therefore,generates a forward-propagating, electrostrictively-generated sound wavesimilar to (and with the same sound speed as) the acoustic wave thatcaused the original light scattering event. This modulation reinforcesthe scattering process seeded by the original thermal Brillouinscattering event, thereby generating “stimulated Brillouin scattering”,or SBS, in optical fibers. The reinforcement occurs via two differentmechanisms: (1) the electrostrictively-generated sound wave createsadditional scattering at the same wavevector and frequency, and (2) theelectrostrictively-generated pressure will mechanically drive theacoustic phonon that generated the original thermal Brillouinscattering. The SBS energy travels in a backward direction and isshifted in frequency proportional to both the acoustic velocity andrefractive index of the fiber. In one typical arrangement, the signallight is downshifted in frequency by about 15 GHz at an opticalwavelength of 1083 nm.

The threshold condition for SBS can be written as:

$\begin{matrix}{{P_{th} = {\frac{21A_{eff}}{g_{B}L}( {1 + \frac{BW}{{BW}_{{SiO}_{2}}}} )}},} & (1)\end{matrix}$where A_(eff) is the effective mode area of the fiber, g_(B) is theBrillouin gain coefficient, L is the length of the fiber, BW is thebandwidth of the signal and BW_(SiO2) is the Brillouin bandwidth of asilica fiber.

In extreme cases, the back-reflected SBS energy robs power from thesignal and clamps the output power. For high power rare earth fiberamplifiers, the back-reflected light is then further amplified by therare earth material in the core region and can result in very highintensity backward propagating pulses that destroy the fiber or otherupstream optical components. Increasing the performance of fiberamplifiers thus requires the reduction of SBS.

One technique for reducing the onset of SBS is to increase the area ofthe optical mode. As shown above, the SBS power threshold P_(th) scaleswith effective mode area A_(eff), since the optical intensity is reducedas the area increases. As a result, many manufacturers of specialtyfiber for high power amplifiers produce fibers with large core diameters(on the order of, for example, 15-30 μm). However, increasing the corediameter beyond about 25 μm will increase bend loss and mode coupling,degrading the quality of the propagating optical signal.

Another approach to increasing the SBS threshold is to alter theacoustic field distribution in the fiber core. In a typical small modearea (SMA) fiber, the acoustic velocity of the core material is lessthan that of the surrounding cladding layer and therefore the acousticrefractive index is higher in the core region, causing the acoustic modeto be guided by the core, just as the optical field is guided. Theresulting high spatial overlap between the optical and acoustical fieldsenhances the unwanted interaction and results in strong seeding of theSBS process via thermal Brillouin scattering. Moreover, theelectrostrictively-driven acoustic field generated in the central coreregion occupied by the optical mode is guided by the acoustic waveguidethereby further enhancing SBS generation.

It has been found that by altering the composition of the core andcladding so that the acoustic velocity of the core is greater than thatof the cladding, the acoustic mode may be excluded from the central coreregion occupied by the optical mode. This exclusion of the acoustic modewill thereby reduce the thermal Brillouin scattering that seeds the SBSprocess. In addition, any generated acoustic field in the central coreregion will sample the core-cladding interface and refract out of theanti-guiding structure. FIG. 1 is a prior art illustration of thisparticular arrangement for a conventional small mode area (SMA) fiber,which shows the refractive index profile of such a fiber 10 with acomposition selected so that the acoustic velocity of the core 12 isgreater than that of the cladding 14. Both the optical and acousticalrefractive index profiles are shown in FIG. 1. The acoustic indexprofile excludes thermal phonons from the optical core region and theanti-guiding structure causes acoustic energy to radiate out of the coreregion, as shown by arrows “A” in FIG. 1. As a result, the SBS thresholdwill be improved by more than a factor of two.

FIG. 2 illustrates in particular the diffraction of an SBS-generatedacoustic wave in the SMA fiber of FIG. 1. As mentioned above, theoptically-induced acoustic wave is generated by the electrostrictiveeffect and is represented by a plane wave P and an aperture A. Thepresence of the circular aperture whose diameter D is chosen to beapproximately equal to the 1/e points of the acoustic intensitydistribution (for a Gaussian optical mode) causes the acoustic wave todiffract as it propagates beyond the aperture. The nature of thediffraction at a distance L from the aperture is governed by the Fresnelnumber, and the acoustic sound wave will exhibit a finite lifetime dueto the conversion of the acoustic energy into heat within the fiber'sglass material. The Fresnel number evaluated at the known phonon decaylength L_(ph) (38 μm) will have a value of 0.32 (thus, is less thanone). Having a value of less than one, the acoustic wave undergoesfar-field (Fraunhofer) diffraction in the manner shown in FIG. 2. Asshown, the acoustic intensity distribution begins near the aperture tocover a region essentially the same as the core diameter. As theacoustic wave propagates during its lifetime, it spreads out (diffracts)and samples the core-cladding interface, as well as regions of the innercladding beyond the core-cladding interface. Therefore, an acousticindex structure designed to suppress the onset of SBS in SMA fibers mustbe located in the region of the fiber sampled by the acoustic wave, inthis case indicated by the shaded box in FIG. 2.

However, in large mode area (LMA) fibers, the optical field lies wellwithin the core region, as shown in FIG. 3. An LMA fiber 11 is shown ascomprising a relatively large diameter core region 13 and surroundingdepressed cladding area 15. As shown, a diffracting acoustic ray(indicated by arrows “B”) will remain within core area 13 and be unableto sample the core-cladding interface 17 of LMA fiber 11 since thedistance to the interface exceeds the decay length L_(ph) of the phonon.

FIG. 4 shows the acoustic diffraction of an SBS-generated sound wavewithin the LMA fiber 11 of FIG. 3. In general, an LMA fiber will have acore diameter (CD) greater than its mode field diameter (MFD), where itis presumed that CD=1.4*MFD. As with the illustration of FIG. 2, the SBSacoustic wave in the LMA fiber of FIG. 4 is represented by a plane waveP-L and an aperture A-L with an aperture diameter of D. For thisarrangement, the calculated Fresnel number is 3.6—greater than one—andin that case corresponds to near-field (Fresnel) diffraction. Therefore,the acoustic energy lies within a radius defined by the aperture radiusfor the lifetime of the sound wave. Referring to FIG. 4, it is shownthat the sound wave continues to propagate within the core without anyappreciable spreading into the core-cladding interface—in contrast tothe spreading associated with the SMA fiber shown in FIG. 2.

In summary, therefore, the various arrangements of the prior art cannotbe configured to simultaneously provide large optical mode field and aneffective anti-guiding acoustic structure. A need thus remains in theart for an arrangement that provides the reduction of the presence ofSBS in LMA fibers, without compromising the high power performance ofthe LMA fiber itself.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The need remaining in the prior art is addressed by the presentinvention, which relates to fiber amplifiers and, more particularly, tolarge mode area (LMA) fiber amplifiers including particularly structuredregions of the acoustic refractive index within the core area to reducestimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS).

In accordance with the present invention, the desired large mode areacharacteristic and the provision of a structured acoustic refractiveindex are considered independently, allowing for the large mode size tobe maintained while also assuring that the majority ofthermally-generated acoustic fields, or phonons, reside outside of theregion of the core occupied by the optical mode. More particularly, thestructure of the acoustic refractive index is configured to: (1) excludethe thermal phonons from the region of the fiber occupied by the opticalmode to reduce the overlap integral and the thermal Brillouin scatteringcross-section; and (2) refract the electrostrictively-generated strainaway from the core area where the optical intensity is the greatest,thus reducing the phonon-photon interaction time or interaction length.More particularly, the strain will be refracted away from the opticalmode by having the acoustic index profile exhibit a “negative lens”-likecharacteristic. The lens characteristic may be further configured todivert the phonons through a sufficiently large angle so that the photonscattering angle exceeds the numerical aperture (NA) of the fiber. Inthis manner, the scattered light will propagate in a direction whoseangle exceeds the fiber NA and will not be captured by the waveguide.

In one embodiment of the present invention, a graded, gradual change(e.g., ramp-like, generally monotonically decreasing) in the acousticrefractive index within the core area is used that will localize theacoustic mode in regions of the optical fiber core that are not occupiedby the optical mode so as to raise the SBS threshold. Furthermore, theramp-like acoustic profile is used and configured to exhibit a slopesufficient to allow the structure to function as a negative lens, asdiscussed above. In this case, the electrostrictively-generated acousticstrain waves are refracted away from the region occupied by the opticalmode as governed by the acoustic index profile. Refraction of theacoustic field away from the portions of the fiber core region occupiedby the optical mode reduces the interaction time (length) between thesound wave (phonon) and the light wave (photon)—i.e., the phonon-photoninteraction time/length is decreased—thereby increasing the SBSthreshold. If the acoustic refraction is sufficiently strong so that theacoustic wave propagates at a large angle with respect to the opticalaxis, then light scattered by the acoustic wave will be scattered at an‘escape angle’ exceeding the numerical aperture (NA) of the fiber.Hence, this light is lost from the waveguide and cannot contribute tothe onset of SBS; the SBS threshold is increased further as a result.Again, this particular configuration may be realized with a large modearea fiber, suitable for high power amplification applications.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the optical refractiveindex has a large depression in the central region of the core, therebyproducing a ring-like core structure. The resultant optical mode isprimarily localized in the ring region of the core (i.e., the “edges” ofthe core) and will therefore exhibit the desired large mode area. Theacoustic index is designed to have a low value where the optical indexis high (i.e., in the ring region), and a high value where the opticalindex is low. This acoustic index structure localizes the thermal phononaway from the optical mode and facilitates the refraction of theacoustic energy away from the ring region and into regions where thereis little optical energy. As long as the width of the ring remains lessthan the phonon decay length, the acoustic energy will refract out ofthe optical field and minimize the generation of SBS.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the higher ordermodes (HOM) in a suitably-designed optical fiber exhibit very largeeffective areas and may also be considered LMA fibers suitable for useas fiber amplifiers with reduced SBS. A HOM fiber exhibits ahighly-structured optical intensity profile that extends over a largecore size (e.g., radii greater than approximately 40 μm have beendemonstrated). An acoustic index profile for an inventive HOM fiber thusexcludes the thermal acoustic modes from the regions of the coreoccupied by the optical mode and refracts the acoustic energy away fromregions occupied by the optical mode, thereby reducing the acousto-opticinteraction and increasing the SBS threshold in HOM fibers.

Other and further embodiments and aspects of the present invention willbecome apparent during the course of the following discussion and byreference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring now to the drawings,

FIG. 1 is a refractive index profile for a prior art small mode area(SMA), showing both the optical and acoustical profiles;

FIG. 2 illustrates the diffraction of an SBS-generated acoustic wavealong the SMA fiber of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a refractive index profile for a prior art large mode area(LMA) fiber, again showing both the optical and acoustical profiles;

FIG. 4 illustrates the diffraction of an SBS-generated acoustic wavealong the LMA fiber of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a ray diagram illustrating the application of a negativeacoustic refractive profile (“lens”) to diffract acoustic rays away fromthe optical axis of an LMA fiber in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 6 is a refractive index profile of an exemplary “pedestal” indexLMA fiber of the present invention;

FIG. 7 contains a plot illustrating the optical mode intensitydistribution of the inventive LMA fiber and the associated acousticeigenfunction that exhibits the greatest overlap with the optical modeintensity distribution;

FIG. 8 is a refractive index profile of an exemplary LMA fiber includinga ring-like core area for providing the desired depressed index andstructured acoustic refractive index in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary HOM fiber including, in FIG. 9( a) astructured acoustic refractive index including a plurality of depressedregions; FIG. 9( b) shows a particular embodiment of dopant profilesdesigned to achieve the desired optical and acoustic index profiles; andFIG. 9( c) includes a table listing the effects of various dopants uponthe optical and acoustic indices relative to those in silica; and

FIGS. 10-13 contain various graphs containing experimental resultsassociated with one embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As will be discussed in detail below, the ability to reduce stimulatedBrillouin scattering (SBS) in large mode area (LMA) fibers in accordancewith the present invention involves the study and understanding of twoseparate design considerations. Firstly, it is required that the centralcore region of the LMA be configured to exhibit a structured acousticindex that will exclude the thermally-generated acoustic fields(phonons) from the central portion of the core (where the majority ofthe optical mode resides), reducing the overlap integral between theoptic and acoustic components as well as the thermal Brillouin lightscattering cross-section. It is this thermal Brillouin light scatteringthat seeds the SBS process in a manner similar to that already describedfor SMA fibers (thus increasing the threshold at which SBS isinitiated). Inasmuch as desired acoustic index structure is accomplishedby a relatively minor contrast in acoustic index between regions, it isunnecessary to chose dopant concentrations that create large contrasts.This is attractive since it reduces the difficulty of manufacturingthese complex structures. However, this acoustic index structure doesnot meet the needs of the second consideration, in which the acousticrefractive index is controlled to refract theelectrostrictively-generated strain away from the core where the opticalintensity is greatest, thus reducing the phonon-photon interaction timeor length.

Both of these design considerations are addressed in accordance with thepresent invention by designing a “negative acoustic lens” within theinterior of the optical core to refract the acoustic energy away fromthe central core region occupied by the optical mode. A geometric“acoustic” description of the sound wave propagation in the opticalfiber is appropriate, since the wavelength of the acoustic wave isapproximately equal to 0.4 μm and is much smaller than the core diameter(shown as being approximately 45 μm) or the mode field diameter (shownas being approximately 25 μm).

The use of a “negative acoustic lens” has been found to suppress thegeneration of SBS in two ways. First, the lens will minimize theinteraction time or length of the electrostrictive acoustic fields withthe optical mode. Further, and as described in detail below, thepresence of the lens will bend the acoustic rays sufficiently such thatthe scattering angle for the Stokes light generated from scattering bythe electrostrictively-driven acoustic fields will exceed the fibernumerical aperture and escape the optical waveguide. Such an acousticlens 20 is illustrated in FIG. 5. The bending of the acoustic rays bythe structured acoustic index is described in the following paragraphs.

In a conventional, prior art optical fiber with an acoustically uniformcore, an incident optical wave with a wave vector k_(0A) and radianfrequency ω_(0A) is scattered by a retreating acoustic wave of wavevector Q_(A) and radian frequency Ω equal to the Brillouin shiftfrequency Ω_(B), as shown in FIG. 5. The backscattered Stokes light willhave a wave vector k_(fA) and radian frequency Ω_(fA)=Ω_(0A)−Ω_(b) Thewave vectors of the optical and acoustic waves are all collinear withthe fiber optic axis and satisfy the conservation of momentumrequirement: k_(0A)=k_(fA)+Q_(A).

In accordance with the present invention, the presence of the negativeacoustic index gradient associated with lens 20 (shown as profile “G” inFIG. 5) will cause the retreating acoustic wave to bend, as representedin FIG. 5 by acoustic ray Q_(B). This will aid SBS suppression in twoways: (1) reducing the phonon-photon interaction time (length) and peakBrillouin gain, and (2) increasing the light scattering angle to exceedthe escape angle or fiber numerical aperture.

Acoustic phonons, whether thermally generated or generated by theelectrostrictive effect, will contribute to the SBS as long as theypersist in the presence of the optical mode. For a thermally generatedphonon, the time constant for this interaction is given by the phononlifetime associated with the conversion of acoustic energy to heat. Thephonon lifetime τ and the gain bandwidth Δν_(B) are related by:Δν_(B)=1/πτ. The peak Brillouin gain g_(B) is given by:g_(B)=2π²·n⁷·p²·τ/c·λ²·ρ·V where n is the refractive index, p is thephotoelastic constant, c is the speed of light, ρ is the core densityand V is the core sound speed. Thus, the peak Brillouin gain is found tobe proportional to the phonon lifetime τ.

The presence of a gradient in the acoustic index profile in accordancewith the present invention results in the acoustic energy beingrefracted away from the regions of low acoustic index. Therefore, thephonon will spend less time in the presence of the optical mode. It willthereby have a reduced effective lifetime τ and reduced Brillouin gain.This will contribute to the SBS suppression.

With respect to the subject of escape angle control, after refraction bynegative acoustic lens 20, the scattered wavevector: k_(fB)=k_(0B)−Q_(B)appears at an angle ψ with respect to the optic axis, as shown in FIG.5. This angle ψ will be determined by the structure of the acousticnegative index profile as configured in accordance with the presentinvention. In particular, it is desirable to use acoustic indices with asufficiently large gradient (dN/dr) and index contrast(N_(clad)-N_(core)) such that the scattering angle ψ is greater than thefiber numerical aperture. The scattered light will escape the waveguideand be unable to participate in the SBS process, leading to further SBSsuppression.

It is desirable to create a large acoustic index gradient and a largeacoustic index contrast without also creating a large optical indexcontrast which would alter the optical mode. This is achieved in a fibercore with a pedestal design for the optical index, as shown in FIG. 6.The pedestal design allows for the use of high dopant concentration (Geand Al) in the core and surrounding pedestal, thereby significantlymodifying the acoustic velocity of the glass. This extends the availablerange for acoustic properties useful in creating the desired acousticindex contrast. The optical field responds to the contrast in opticalindex, which can be made small by adjusting the contrast between thepedestal and the core, despite the high dopant concentration. Referringto FIG. 6, a pedestal 22 with a high germanium concentration surrounds acore 24 composed of a radially-tailored mix of germanium and aluminum.The germanium concentration ranges from a high value at the edge 23 ofthe core, to a low value at the center 25 of the core 24. The aluminumconcentration follows the opposite profile. The relative concentrationsof germanium and aluminum are balanced to create a uniform opticalindex, while the acoustic index varies across the wide range afforded bythe variation from high Ge-only doping at the outside of the core tohigh Al-only doping at the center of the core.

The graded acoustic index may be configured to exhibit variousgeometries, where three different potential grading geometries g1, g2and g3 are shown in the acoustic profile of FIG. 6. These geometries maybe achieved, for example, by varying the ratio of Al to Ge dopant in thefiber core, with a maximum amount of Al and no Ge on the optic axis(center of core 25), and the maximum amount of Ge and no Al at the innercore (˜10 um radius) where Al depresses the acoustic index and Geincreases the acoustic index relative to that in silica. In any event,the slope of the acoustic profile needs to be sufficient to induce thecreation of a negative lens structure. In particular, a slope on theorder of 0.01/μm has been used successively to create the negative lens.More generally, a value greater than 0.005/μm will provide a sufficientslope to induce the negative lens effect.

It is to be noted that the pedestal structure of the optical indexallows for the small index difference between the core and surroundingregion (pedestal region) required for a large mode area (optical)design, while simultaneously allowing for the use of high dopantconcentrations of Al and Ge, thereby providing a large acoustic indexcontrast (difference) between the central and outer core regions.Contrast values greater than approximately 0.05 are considered to besufficient for the purposes of the present invention.

Turning now to the study of SBS suppression in LMA fibers using acousticmodal analysis, the analysis is based upon the fact that an exemplaryoptical fiber can be defined as a rod of glass with a transversedistribution of optical refractive index and acoustic refractive indexthat is determined by the dopants in the glass matrix. The opticalrefractive index is given by n(r)=c/v(r) where c is the speed of lightin vacuum and v(r) is the phase velocity of light as a function ofradius. Similarly, the acoustic refractive index is given byN(r)=V_(SiO) ₂ /V(r) where V(r) is the speed of sound at a radius r andV_(SiO) ₂ is the speed of sound in the silica cladding. The light isguided by the refractive index profile n(r). The acoustic index profileN(r) determines the normal modes of vibration of the glass cylinder orthe thermal acoustic phonons. These may be calculated in terms of thedensity fluctuations ρ(r) given by the Helmholtz equation:

$\begin{matrix}{{{\nabla_{\bot}^{2}{\rho(r)}} + {( \frac{2\pi}{\Lambda_{0}} )^{2} \cdot {N(r)}^{2} \cdot {\rho(r)}}} = {( \frac{2\pi}{\Lambda_{0}} )^{2}{N_{eff}^{2} \cdot {\rho(r)}}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$where ∇_(⊥) ² is the transverse Laplacian operator, f is the acousticfrequency in Hz, Λ₀ is the acoustic wavelength in silica, f·Λ₀=V_(SiO) ₂, V_(SiO) ₂ is the speed of sound in the silica inner cladding andN_(eff) is the effective acoustic index. Brillouin scattering alsorequires that the Bragg condition be satisfied to ensure that theoptical field resonantly excites the acoustic field, namely:

$\begin{matrix}{{\frac{2{\pi \cdot N_{eff}}}{\Lambda_{0}} = \frac{4{\pi \cdot n_{eff}}}{\lambda}},} & (3)\end{matrix}$where λ is the optical wavelength and n_(eff) is the effective opticalindex. These two conditions yield the normal modes of vibration of thefiber for a particular acoustic index profile in terms of the m^(th)acoustic eigenfrequency f_(m) and m^(th) acoustic eigenfunctionsρ_(m)(r) that can participate in the thermal Brillouin scattering event.The eigenfrequencies are expressed in terms of the acoustic effectiveindex N_(eff) ^(m):f _(m)=2·n _(eff) ·V _(SiO) ₂ /N _(eff) ^(m)·λ.  (4)The density variations ρ_(m)(r) create fluctuations in the opticaldielectric constant ∈ which gives rise to the scattered electric field:E _(scat)(r)=K·(∂∈/∂ρ)·ρ_(m)(r)·E(r)  (5),where K is a constant of proportionality and E(r) is the modal electricfield distribution. The field amplitude A of the scattered electricfield E_(scat)(r) that is captured by the same fiber mode isproportional to the overlap between the scattered field E_(scat)(r) andthe modal field E(r):A=2π·K·(∂∈/∂ρ)·∫dr·r·ρ _(m)(r)·E(r)²  (6).This expression may be squared and renormalized to yield an opticalpower normalized overlap integral:

$\begin{matrix}{{\Gamma_{m\;} = \frac{\langle {{\rho_{m}(r)} \cdot {E(r)}^{2}} \rangle^{2}}{\langle {\rho_{m}(r)}^{2} \rangle \cdot \langle {E(r)}^{4} \rangle}},} & (7)\end{matrix}$where the angular brackets indicate an integral over the cross sectionof the fiber, and Γ_(m) is a measure of the light intensityback-scattered from the forward propagating light in the optical mode bythe density fluctuations ρ_(m)(r) and captured by the same optical mode.Note that Γ_(m)=1 if there is perfect overlap between the acoustic andoptical modes, and that Γ_(m)=0 if there is no overlap. Hence, themaximum optical power will be scattered into the optical mode E(r) bythe acoustic phonon density fluctuation ρ_(m)(r) that maximizes theoverlap integral Γ_(m). In contrast, suppression of thermal Brillouinscattering and SBS requires an acoustic design, in particular anacoustic index profile N(r), that minimizes Γ_(m).

Although Γ_(m) may be minimized by the above-described pedestal acousticindex structure of FIG. 6, in general it will not be equal to zero andthere will be some thermal Brillouin scattering that is captured by theoptical mode. This will create an electrostrictive density fluctuations{tilde over (ρ)}(r) with a transverse distribution proportional to theoptical mode intensity E(r)². These density fluctuations will (bydefinition) have a unity overlap integral and scatter light at the samefrequency and wavevector as that scattered by the thermal phonon andwill contribute to the generation of SBS.

The electrostrictive pressure wave, given by p(r)=γ·E(r)²/8π, travelswith a sound speed equal to that of the thermal phonon. The transversedistribution of the pressure wave is equal to the modal intensitydistribution. Mechanical work is done on the acoustic mode by theelectrostrictive pressure wave, thereby increasing its energy and thethermal Brillouin scattering that seeds the SBS process. The efficiencyof the electrostrictive driving of the thermal phonon is proportional tothe product of the pressure wave and the density fluctuations:

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{W_{mech} = {2{\pi \cdot K^{\prime} \cdot {\int{{\mathbb{d}r} \cdot r \cdot {p(r)} \cdot {\rho_{m}(r)}}}}}} \\{= {\frac{\gamma\; K^{\prime}}{4} \cdot {\int{{\mathbb{d}r} \cdot r \cdot {E(r)}^{2} \cdot {\rho_{m}(r)}}}}}\end{matrix} & (8)\end{matrix}$where K′ is a constant. Hence the efficiency of the electrostrictivedriving of the thermal phonons may also be parameterized by thenormalized overlap integral Γ_(m). This mechanical driving of thethermal phonon will also contribute to the generation of SBS.

A basic intent of the present invention to design a fiber with anacoustic index profile N(r) that will yield acoustic eigen-functionsρ_(m)(r) which minimize the overlap Γ_(m) with the optical field in thecentral core region and thereby reduce the thermal Brillouin scatteringthat seeds the SBS process. The acoustic eigenfunctions for a gradedacoustic index designed to minimize the overlap between the strain andoptical fields have been investigated by numerical simulation. As anexample, the acoustic eigenfunctions for an acoustic index profilesimilar to that shown in FIG. 6 have been examined in detail. All of theacoustic eigenfunctions have been calculated and the overlap integralsΓ_(m) have been calculated as well. The onset of SBS is expected to beinitiated by the acoustic eigenfunctions having the largest value of theoverlap integral Γ_(m). This eigenfunction is shown in FIG. 7, where inthis case the overlap integral Γ_(m) is equal to 0.32. The optical modeintensity distribution of the fiber is shown in FIG. 7 as well.

Furthermore, the acoustic index profile N(r) should be such that itforms a negative acoustic lens-like structure to disperse theelectrostrictively-generated sound waves and thereby reduce theirinteraction with the optical mode and scatter light at angles exceedingthe fiber numerical aperture, as discussed above.

In addition to the consideration of acoustic excitation, designs may bedeveloped based on attention to phonon lifetime. As mentioned above,since the lifetime and pathlength of the optically-induced phonons isshort (for some ranges of acoustic index contrast), the physical size ofthe optical features cannot be large if one requirement is to maintain arelatively low level of SBS. This physical size restriction, however, iscounter to the desire to have a large modefield for increased opticalpower in fiber amplifier applications.

In one embodiment of the disclosed invention, the large area opticalmode is determined by an optical index exhibiting a ring-like structurewith the acoustic index designed to exclude the acoustic wave fromregions of the core occupied by the optical mode. Preferably, a“depressed cladding” central core portion and a “ring” core portion of ahigher refractive index surrounding the depressed cladding central coreportion are used to form this structure. FIG. 8 illustrates the opticaland acoustical refractive index profiles for an exemplary optical fiber30 formed in accordance with this embodiment of the present invention.As shown, fiber 30 includes a central core portion 32 with a refractiveindex value n_(c1) that is surrounded by a ring core portion 34 with arefractive index value n_(c2) such that n_(c2)>n_(c1). A cladding layer36 surrounds ring core portion 34 and has a refractive index valuen_(clad) less than n_(c2) such that the propagating optical signalremains guided within core area 38 formed by central core portion 32 andring core portion 34.

Referring to FIG. 8, the diameter of core area 38 is defined asD_(large), measured as the full extent across both central core portion32 and ring core portion 34. Since the optical power properties aredefined, in part, by this diameter D_(large), the desired large opticalmodefield is provided by the structure of core area 38 of fiberamplifier 30. However, it has been found that the acoustical propertiesof this configuration will be defined by the diameter of ring coreportion 34, denoted as d_(ring) in FIG. 8. Therefore, as long as ringdiameter d_(ring) remains less than the phonon decay length (about 20μm), the acoustic energy will refract out of the optical field. Thisrefraction is indicated by arrows “B” in FIG. 8. Radiating the acousticenergy away from the optical field has been found to be effective inreducing SBS, since it reduces the spatial overlap of the optical andacoustical fields.

The composition of fiber 30 of the present invention is selected toprovide the desired optical refractive index profile as shown in FIG. 8,while also providing the desired degree of optical gain required foramplifying purposes. Dopants such as, for example, Al, P and Ge willincrease the (optical) refractive index of pure silica fiber, whiledoping a silica fiber with F will reduce the (optical) refractive index.With respect to an understanding of the acoustic refractive index, allrelevant dopants will increase the acoustic index except for Al, whichhas been found to reduce the acoustic refractive index. In light ofthese properties, several variations in fiber composition may beutilized to provide the desired refractive index profile of fiber 30 asshown in FIG. 8. For example, central core portion 32 and cladding layer36 may comprise pure or lightly-doped silica, with ring core portion 34doped with Yb (a rare-earth dopant for amplification purposes) and Al(to reduce the acoustic refractive index). Alternatively, other dopantssuch as F and P can be used to facilitate rapid dopant diffusion duringsplicing of fiber 30 to an adjoining section of communication fiber, soas to smooth out the index profile in the splice area and return theoverall fiber profile to the more conventional Gaussian distribution.

As mentioned above, the higher order modes (HOM) in a suitably-designedoptical fiber exhibit very large effective areas and may therefore alsobe thought of as a “large mode area” fiber for the purposes ofincreasing the SBS threshold. FIG. 9( a) illustrates one exemplary HOMfiber 50 (with the LP07 mode), having an optical core 52 with a radiuson the order of 40 μm. In this case, the acoustic profile is necessarilyconfigured to exclude the thermal acoustic modes from the regions of thecore occupied by the optical mode, thereby reducing the acousto-opticinteraction and increasing the SBS threshold. As shown, the acousticprofile includes a plurality of depressed acoustic refractive indexvalue regions 54, forming a plurality of rings within the core region,wherein the spacing of the regions is selected to provide for refractionof the acoustic rays away from the optical mode field, denoted by arrows“C” in FIG. 9.

In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 9( b), alternating layers of P andAl allow the increase and decrease, respectively, of the acoustic indexprofile to achieve refraction of the acoustic energy away from regionsof the core occupied by the optical energy while maintaining theconstant optical index required for the higher order optical mode. It isto be noted that it is not necessary for the number of acousticdepressions to equal the number of peaks in the intensity distribution.Indeed, it may be sufficient to have only a single, central depressionin the acoustic index, or only one or more rings having an acousticdepression. The table of FIG. 9( c) lists the effects of selecteddopants upon both the optical and acoustic indices (relative to silica),where the particular dopants included in this table are considered to beexemplary only, and certainly not an exhaustive listing of the variousdopant species (or combinations thereof) that may be utilized in thepractice of the present invention.

Experimental Results

A prototype SBS suppressing fiber was designed according to thedisclosed principles of the present invention. A Yb-doped double cladfiber was made with a core diameter of 22 um, a pedestal diameter of 28um, an inner core Δn of ˜0.002 and a pedestal Δn of 0.008. The indexprofile is shown in FIG. 10, along with the index profile of a non-SBSsuppressing conventional prior art fiber (used as a control fiber). Thesolid line indicates the equivalent optical index for the Al/Ge fiberwith the pedestal index profile. A schematic of the Al and Ge dopantprofiles is included in the inset of FIG. 10. The normalized intensityprofiles are shown in FIG. 11. Note that the control fiber has a centraldip due to burn-off of the Ge at the central fiber region. TheSBS-suppressing fiber of the present invention has an optical effectivearea of 177 μm² and the control fiber has an optical effective area of314 μm².

FIG. 12 is a plot of the acoustic index profile N(r) as a function ofradius for the two fibers. The acoustic index for the SBS suppressingfiber was determined by an ultrasonic measurement and that for thecontrol fiber by the constituative relations between the sound speed andGe dopant concentration. It is seen that the inventive SBS suppressingfiber exhibits a very large acoustic index contrast of ˜0.09 and a largeindex slope of ˜0.011/μm. On the other hand, the control fiber has asmall acoustic index contrast of 0.01 and a small slope ˜0.003 μm. FIG.13( a) shows the SBS spectra of the SBS-suppressing fiber with the SBSpeak approximately equal to ˜48 dBm at a fiber power of 24.8 W, and FIG.13( b) shows a similar spectra of the control fiber exhibiting an SBSpower of −48 dBm at a fiber power of 6.9 W. Therefore, the SBSsuppressing fiber of the present invention demonstrates ˜5.6 dBsuppression relative to the control fiber. It can be assumed that if thetwo fiber modal effective areas were equal, that the SBS suppressingfiber would exhibit ˜8.1 dB suppression relative to the control fiber. Amore detailed analysis has further indicated that the relative SBSsuppression may be as high as 11.2 dB.

It is to be understood that the foregoing description is exemplary ofthe invention only and is intended to provide an overview for theunderstanding of the nature and character of the invention as it isdefined by the claims. The accompanying drawings are included to providea further understanding of the invention and are incorporated andconstitute part of this specification. The drawings illustrate variousfeatures and embodiments of the invention which, together with theirdescription, serve to explain the principles and operation of theinvention. It will become apparent to those skilled in the art thatvarious modifications to the preferred embodiments of the invention asdescribed herein can be made without departing from the spirit or scopeof the invention as defined by the claims appended hereto.

1. An optical fiber comprising a core area; and a cladding layerdisposed to surround the core area, wherein the core area is doped inpredetermined regions to create an acoustic refractive index profilethat excludes thermal phonons from areas occupied by the optical modeand exhibits a slope of at least 0.005/μm to create a negative lensstructure that refracts acoustic electrostrictively-generated waves awayfrom the core area occupied by said optical mode and reducesphonon-photon interaction time and/or length.
 2. The optical fiber asdefined in claim 1 wherein the acoustic refractive index profile ismonotonically increasing in radius from the center of the core area. 3.The optical fiber as defined in claim 2, wherein the dopantconcentration in the core area provides a difference (contrast) inacoustic index between the center of the core area and an outerperiphery of the core area greater than 0.05.
 4. The optical fiber asdefined in claim 3 where the core area exhibits a pedestal optical indexprofile.
 5. The optical fiber as defined in claim 1 wherein the dopingprofile of the optical and acoustic refractive indices are configured toreduce an overlap integral between a forward-directed optical field(photon) and retreating acoustic field (phonon), defined asphoton-phonon overlap integral.
 6. The optical fiber as defined in claim1 wherein the fiber comprises a large mode area (LMA) fiber.
 7. Theoptical fiber as defined in claim 1 wherein the fiber comprises ahigher-order mode (HOM) fiber.
 8. The optical fiber as defined in claim7 wherein the core area is configured to exhibit a profile comprising acentral area doped with a first combination of dopant species and atleast one ring area doped with a second combination of dopant species,the spacing of the at least one ring controlled to refract the acousticenergy away from the optical mode field.
 9. The optical fiber as definedin claim 8 wherein the core area is configured to have a central areawith the first combination of dopant species and a plurality of ringareas within the second combination of dopant species.
 10. The opticalfiber as defined in claim 1 wherein the core area comprises a centralcore portion; and a ring core portion surrounding the central coreportion and including a dopant species able to simultaneously increasethe optical refractive index and decrease the acoustic refractive index.11. The optical fiber as defined in claim 10 wherein the ring coreportion is doped with aluminum.
 12. The optical fiber as defined inclaim 10 where the width of the ring core portion is selected to remainless than the lifetime of the phonons to refract the acoustic energy outof the optical fiber.
 13. The optical fiber as defined in claim 1wherein the core area is doped to exhibit a pedestal like pedestalrefractive index profile.